The BS EN 131‑4 standard is part of the EN 131 family of ladder standards. It deals with portable ladders that have one or more hinge joints, such as folding or articulated ladders. The standard defines how these ladders must be designed, tested and marked so that they can be used safely by workers and DIYers alike.
Like the other parts of EN 131, EN 131‑4 distinguishes between professional and non‑professional ladders. Both categories must support a maximum total load of 150kg, but professional ladders are subjected to more onerous durability tests.
The Ladder Association notes that EN 131 is now the sole British and European product standard for portable ladders; earlier British standards such as BS 2037 and BS 1129 have been withdrawn. It advises that new ladders should comply with EN 131 and that procurement policies should be updated accordingly.
The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) echoes this advice, adding that while ladders manufactured to withdrawn standards may still be used if they are in good condition, all new purchases should meet EN 131.
BS EN 131‑4 applies to hinged combination ladders, whether they comprise a single hinge or multiple hinge joints. It covers ladders that can be used as leaning ladders, standing ladders or in configurations where the ladder itself forms a work platform or stand‑off support. The standard:
The standard adopts the terminology of EN 131‑1 but adds several definitions specific to hinge‑joint ladders:
| Term | Simplified definition |
|---|---|
| Ladder hinged in the longitudinal direction | A folding ladder with one or more lockable hinge‑joint devices along its length. |
| Ladder hinged in the lateral direction | A ladder that folds sideways using a lateral hinge. |
| Decking component | A platform that spans between the stiles when a hinged ladder is used in the platform position. It must provide a slip‑resistant surface and be secured against unintended movement. |
| Reference level, decking component height (h₃) and overhang (l₁₀) | Dimensional terms that define the height of the platform above the ground and how far it can extend beyond the stiles. |
The functional dimensions for hinged ladders are drawn from EN 131‑1. When a hinged ladder is used as a leaning ladder, it must meet the dimensional requirements for leaning ladders; when used as a standing ladder, it must meet the requirements for two‑piece combination ladders. EN 131‑4 adds special limits for platform and stand‑off configurations.
In the platform configuration, the hinged ladder forms an “L” shape with a horizontal section. To ensure the platform is safe and stable, the standard limits its size and how it is assembled:
| Feature | Requirements |
|---|---|
| Platform height (h₃) | Must not exceed 1000 mm. |
| Maximum overhang (l₁₀) | The decking component may project no more than 50 mm beyond the outer side of the ladder. |
| Angle of the ladder | For rung ladders the angle between the platform and the vertical section must be 65°–75°; for step ladders 65°–70°. |
| Deck fit and assembly | The decking must span between the inner edges of the stiles and be assembled so that a user cannot fall through. |
The stand‑off position creates clearance from a wall or other obstacle. The standard requires:
| Feature | Requirements |
|---|---|
| Platform height (h₃) | Between 400 mm and 1200 mm. |
| Maximum overhang (l₁₀) | Between 300 mm and 600 mm. |
| Maximum overhang | The deck may project no more than 50 mm beyond the outer stile. |
The design rules in EN 131‑4 reinforce general safety principles:
Section 6 of BS EN 131‑4 lays out the tests that hinged ladders must pass. The ladder must remain functional after testing, with no fractures or cracks. The locking systems must still operate, and any permanent deformation must not affect safety.
Strength test for ladders with hinges: The ladder is fully extended and placed at 65°. A load is applied to the rung nearest the centre for one minute. Non‑professional ladders are tested with 2,250 N (about 230 kg), and professional ladders with 2,700 N (about 275kg). If the ladder’s ascendable side cannot be identified, it is tested twice, once in each orientation.
Hinge joints with automatic locking devices are opened and closed 4 000 times without lubrication. The automatic locking function must operate correctly for the entire cycle.
The standard includes several tests for the ladder in the platform position:
For ladders hinged in the lateral direction, the hinge joints are folded and unfolded 4,000 times at normal utilisation speed without lubrication. The ladder must withstand these cycles with its locking system fully functional.
Another test ensures the ladder cannot be used in an unsafe, inverted condition. The ladder is placed upside down with its top on a horizontal surface and loaded with 150 N on the rung nearest the surface. Under this load the ladder should not remain stable in this upside‑down position.
EN 131‑4 requires that hinged ladders carry the markings specified in EN 131‑3 and that these markings are durable, as required by EN 131‑2. The user manual must also follow EN 131‑3. In addition, EN 131‑4 adds a specific safety notice, such as when the ladder is used as access to a higher level, it must be secured against sideways sliding.
EN 131‑4 does not stand alone. Manufacturers must consult:
For practical advice, the Ladder Association offers free guidance on EN 131. On its “EN 131 – the current ladder standard” page explains that the revised standard makes ladders wider, stronger and sturdier and confirms that previous British standards have been withdrawn. The same page answers common questions, such as the difference between professional and non‑professional ladders and why the maximum total load is set at 150 kg.
HSE’s product standards page notes that although ladders made to obsolete standards may still be used if they remain safe, organisations should ensure that new ladders meet EN 131. Finally, the BSI Knowledge listing for BS EN 131‑4:2020 confirms that the standard covers hinged ladders, stability testing, marking and loading requirements, and that it was published on 30 April 2020.
If you manufacture or supply hinged ladders, ensure that your products comply with EN 131‑4. When purchasing or using a folding ladder, check that it carries the correct EN 131 marking, confirm that all hinge joints lock securely, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions. For further guidance, consult the Ladder Association for best‑practice advice and training, and refer to HSE guidance on safe ladder use.
To stay up to date with ladder standards and safe work‑at‑height practices, consult these authoritative organisations:
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